Biosciences Research Reviews is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by SYNERGY EDUCATIONAL LEARNING INSTITUTE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED. The journal aims to provide a comprehensive platform for the dissemination of high-quality research in the field of biosciences. It publishes original research articles, review papers, and scholarly communications covering a broad range of topics, including but not limited to molecular biology, biotechnology, environmental science, microbiology, bioinformatics, pharmacology, and biomedical sciences. By ensuring unrestricted access to published content, Biosciences Research Reviews supports the global exchange of scientific knowledge and promotes interdisciplinary research and innovation in the biosciences. Publication Frequency: Semi-Annual Scope and Focus The journal focuses on publishing cutting-edge research that explores the latest developments in biosciences. Topics of interest include: Molecular and Cellular Biology: Advances in genetic research, gene editing, and cellular mechanisms. Biotechnology: The application of biological systems in industrial, agricultural, and medical fields. Microbiology: Research on microorganisms and their interactions with the environment and human health. Bioinformatics: The use of computational tools to analyze biological data, including genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data. Pharmacology and Drug Development: Innovations in drug design, therapeutic interventions, and pharmacogenomics. Environmental and Ecological Sciences: Studies on environmental impacts, sustainability, and conservation in the context of biosciences. Biomedical Sciences: Translational research on disease mechanisms, diagnostics, and therapies, particularly in the areas of cancer, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. Plant and Animal Sciences: Research on the biology, genetics, and ecology of plants and animals. ​
SYNERGY EDUCATIONAL LEARNING INSTITUTE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
EFFECTIVENESS OF CANCER SCREENING PROGRAMS IN EARLY DETECTION AND MORTALITY REDUCTION
In this study, the efficacy of popular cancer screening programs will be determined systematically to determine how much they contribute to increasing early detection rates and reducing cause-specific death among different groups of the population. A mixed-method approach that involves combination of quantitative screening outcomes and qualitative program analyses was used to analyze the data that consisted of mammography, Pap smear, low-dose CT screening, colonoscopy, and PSA-based screening cohort data over a decade. The findings indicated that screening populations had a 34.6% higher likelihood of discovering stage I-II cancers as opposed to people who were not screened. A study of death cases revealed that the number of deaths related to cancer decreased significantly: breast cancer cancer deaths reduced by 22.4, cervical cancer deaths by 30.1, colorectal cancer deaths by 18. 7 and lung cancer deaths by 15.9 in individuals who adhered to the recommended screening frequency. The analysis of the hazard ratios showed that regular screening decreased the risk of mortality by 0.41-0.63 in the different types of cancers. Qualitative results highlighted increased patient awareness, increased compliance to follow-up, and improved diagnostic efficiency as critical factors contributing to the success of the whole program. Even with any noteworthy progress, disparities still persisted among the low-income, rural and minority populations due to the lack of convenient access, little knowledge of health and structural barriers. The researchers determine that the effective cancer screening programs are of great benefit in early diagnosis and reduced fatalities. It also emphasizes that it must be fairly accessible, outreach focused and enhanced integration of the patient-centered follow-up routes to maximize the benefits to all.
Copyright (c) 2025 Naveed Iqbal, Komal Yousaf (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN GLOBAL NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE TREND PREDICTION
This study draws on advanced big data analytics to make global predictions of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and cancers using built-in datasets of epidemiological surveillance systems, electronic health records, demographic repositories, and socioeconomic indices. The research applies machine learning algorithms, including long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, random forest regression and gradient boosting to identify new patterns in the occurrence of diseases, the mortality rate and the variations in risk across areas. The findings indicate that LSTM models performed the best in predicting five-year incidence trajectories of NCDs (R 2 = 0.91) and ensemble models were the best in identifying high risk geographic clusters. Evidence of data mining of world health indicators indicated that things such as urbanisation, nutrition change, ageing population, and income inequality had significant correlations with the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The data streams provided by multiple sources indicate that predictive heatmaps display that the population of people with NCDs is prone to grow substantially in low- and middle-income countries. By 2035, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa are likely to experience a 28 per cent increase in the number of people with NCDs. Furthermore, early-warning analytics were effective in discovering the hypertension, diabetes, and obesity trends about 18-24 months before the traditional surveillance systems. These findings demonstrate that big data analytics can transform the manner in which we plan to handle the global health by enabling us to implement evidence-based resource mobilization, focused prevention initiatives, and instant surveillance to decelerate the expanding global NCD epidemic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Waqar Ali, Abdul Waheed Shah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERPLAY BETWEEN RENAL FUNCTION AND ENDOCRINE REGULATION IN METABOLIC SYNDROME
This paper reviewed the multi-factorial interplay between renal function and endocrine regulation in patients with metabolic syndrome consisting of the inter-relations of quantitative bio-chemical profile and qualitative clinical analysis. The result showed a statistically significant and robust relationship between the decline in renal filtration capacity and the disproportion of the most critical endocrine markers, including increased insulin resistance, altered adipokine ratios, and amplified cortisol synthesis. eGFR was always negatively correlated with HOMA-IR outcomes, indicating that the decline of insulin resistance is the precursor of early renal dysfunction even before a patient develops chronic kidney disease. Similarly leptin serum levels were significantly higher in individuals with reduced renal clearance. This is in keeping with the notion that those issues pertaining to adipokine metabolism contribute to the metabolic-renal burden. The effects of thyroid hormones proved to be measurable because low levels of free T3 were found to be linked to a decrease in eGFR and an increase in creatinine levels. These results were supported by qualitative clinical interviews, which highlighted lifestyle patterns such as low quality of sleep, high levels of felt stress, and unreliable eating habits that were strongly linked with changes in hormones and kidney stress. Direct and indirect pathways were supported in structural equation modeling, which demonstrated that endocrine instability contributes to renal damage through metabolic stresses that act in a synergistic way. Overall, the findings indicate that the renal and endocrine systems cooperate in both directions and the issues in one system cause the issues in the other system to occur increasingly quickly by intermediated by metabolic routes that are related. These findings demonstrate the importance of screening hormones in people with metabolic syndrome at an early stage and provide considerable support to the integrated diagnostic models that can identify renal-endocrine co-regulation rather than considering these systems separately.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROGNOSTIC ROLE OF TUMOR MARGINS IN SURGICAL ONCOLOGY: A HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION
The tumour margin is also of great importance in regard to the prognosis of patients undergoing surgery to have cancer removed. Histopathological assessment of tumour margins is now a significant element of the process of surgical oncology to determine the probability of the cancer returning and the life expectancy of the person. This paper aims to determine whether tumour margins are prognostically significant in predicting patient outcome in a wide range of malignancies, breast, colorectal, and head and neck cancer. A positive margin of the tumour cells at or around the surgical margin has been associated with an increased risk of local recurrence and poor overall survival. This tumour margin histological examination aids in the postoperative management, such as adjuvant treatment. The paper also examines the role of the breadth of the margin in predicting the possibility of the reoccurrence and the feasibility of using intraoperative frozen section examination to ensure that the performed surgery is accurate. The results highlighted the significance of getting clear or negative margins and the need to critically analyse surgical tissues histologically in order to improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hammad Ur Rehman, Ezza Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Airway obstruction is an emergency life-threatening situation in critically ill patients and requires evidence-based and immediate action to minimize morbidity and mortality. Among 420 patients admitted to intensive care units in a critically sick group, the present comparative study evaluated three main approaches to airway obstruction management, i.e., standard endotracheal intubation, video-larynsgopy-assisted intubation and flexible bronchoscopy-guided airway clearance. The experiment indicated that video-laryngoscopy significantly enhanced the first attempt success rate (89.4) in contrast to the conventional direct laryngoscopy (74.1). It also reduced the duration that it took to carry out the procedure and the incidences of the patient becoming hypoxic. Breathing in of the obstructions brought about by secretions or foreign bodies was best done through flexible bronchoscopy and 92 percent of patients obtained nearly complete airway clearance and minimal difficulties following the procedure. Nevertheless, when the obstruction is traumatic, or the edema is severe, early endotracheal intubation plus concomitant pharmacologic therapy (such as neuromuscular inhibition and topical vasoconstrictors) offer the best stability, as well as the fastest airway protection. In every procedure, allowing over 5 minutes to elapse after respiratory failure to act resulted in a vast increase in the length of time in the ICU and the duration the patient required a ventilator. The findings indicate that the first option in most cases of acute blockages should be used by video-laryngoscopy. Nevertheless, flexible bronchoscopy continues to play a very crucial role in complicated cases or those that arise due to secretions. The research paper discusses the importance of automated decision-making and prompt airway assessment and the immediate use of modern airway tools to improve the state of critically ill patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Asadullah Usman, Ezza Fatima (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHAGE THERAPY VS. ANTIBIOTICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA
The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae has rendered conventional antibiotic treatments increasingly ineffective, prompting the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. This study provides a comparative evaluation of phage therapy and antibiotic treatment against MDR K. pneumoniae using in vitro assays and an in vivo murine infection model. Clinical isolates exhibited high resistance levels to key antibiotics, particularly meropenem (95%) and colistin (80%). Three lytic bacteriophages (KP1, KP2, KP3) were isolated and demonstrated broad host range (80–90%), high burst sizes, and genetic stability, confirming their potential as therapeutic agents. Time-kill assays revealed that phage-antibiotic combinations achieved significantly greater bacterial clearance than either agent alone. Checkerboard assays confirmed synergy across all isolates, with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values below 0.5. In vivo studies mirrored in vitro findings, with the combination therapy group showing the lowest bacterial load (1.9 log10 CFU/g) in thigh muscle tissue. Furthermore, phage therapy preserved host microbiota diversity (Shannon Index = 3.4), in contrast to the microbiome-disrupting effects of antibiotics alone (Index = 2.0). Figures and tables comprehensively illustrate the superior efficacy and safety profile of phage therapy. Collectively, these results highlight the promise of phage therapy, particularly in combination with antibiotics, as a targeted, effective, and microbiota-sparing strategy against MDR K. pneumoniae infections. This study supports the urgent need for further clinical development and regulatory consideration of phage-based therapeutics in addressing the global antimicrobial resistance crisis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saad Abdullah , Syeda Iram Batool, Humayun Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Abstract Leukemia, a diverse group of hematological malignancies, is frequently accompanied by anemia, resulting from impaired erythropoiesis and disrupted iron metabolism. This study explored the interplay between iron homeostasis and anemia in leukemia through a comprehensive secondary analysis of current biomedical literature. The findings reveal that leukemic cells undergo significant metabolic reprogramming, characterized by the upregulation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and downregulation of ferroportin (FPN1), facilitating intracellular iron retention. Table 1 illustrated this shift in iron-regulatory protein expression, supporting the metabolic and proliferative needs of leukemic cells. Crowding in bone marrow and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines were shown to inhibit red blood cell production and result in iron hoarding, worsening anemia. Leukemic cells were also observed in Table 3 to rely upon metabolic adaptations such as glycolysis and glutaminolysis while these mechanisms also interfere with normal iron homeostasis. A variety of proposed therapeutic approaches, such as iron chelators, TfR1 inhibitors and metabolic pathway disruptors, shown in Table 4 may be used to restore iron homeostasis and impede growth of leukemic cells. The series of figures presented further illuminates these discoveries by depicting increased iron-related markers and aberrant iron management in leukemic cells as compared to healthy cells. The importance of controlling iron metabolism in both stabilizing the bone marrow environment and blocking the progression of leukemic transformation is emphasized by these findings. Combing iron-specific therapies with metabolic modulators might lead to better outcomes and fewer side effects while advancing the field of precision medicines for leukemia patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdul Ghaffar, Jawad Ali, Sami Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LYMPHOCYTE EXHAUSTION IN RELAPSED HODGKIN LYMPHOMA: AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY
Relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (R/R cHL) remains a formidable clinical challenge, with many patients exhibiting poor responses to second-line therapies despite recent advances in immunotherapy. This study investigates the immunological landscape of T cell exhaustion as a mechanism underpinning therapeutic resistance in relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma. Peripheral blood and tumour biopsy samples were analysed from patients with relapsed cHL using multiparametric flow cytometry, cytokine profiling, and transcriptomic data mining. T cell exhaustion was evaluated based on phenotypic expression of inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, LAG-3), functional cytokine output (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2), and gene expression analyses (TOX, NR4A1, BATF) from publicly available datasets. Flow cytometry revealed significantly increased expression of exhaustion markers on both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in relapsed patients, with PD-1 showing the highest expression levels. The ability of T cells to produce effector cytokines was substantially lower in the relapsed group than in healthy donor samples. Analysis of mRNA expression showed significant overexpression of genes known to regulate T cell exhaustion, with p-values < 0.005. Immune analysis showed greater numbers of regulatory T cells and lower levels of activated CD8+ T cells in the tumour microenvironments of relapsed samples. The findings demonstrate that relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by a profoundly exhausted T cell phenotype driven by changes at both the phenotype, functional and transcriptomic levels. These results demonstrate the multi-faceted nature of immune escape in cHL and call for innovative combination immune therapies that directly counter exhaustion mechanisms to enhance outcomes for patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Yar Mahsood , Muhammad Inam Farooq, Sajjad Mehdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNRAVELING THE ROLE OF LONG NON-CODING RNAS IN HUMAN STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Stem cell differentiation is a tightly regulated process critical to embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and cellular identity, with gene expression governed at multiple regulatory levels. Among the emerging regulators of this process are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which modulate epigenetic states, transcription, and post-transcriptional gene networks. This study aimed to investigate the functional role of lncRNAs in human stem cell differentiation using an integrative multi-omics approach. Differential expression analysis from RNA-seq datasets revealed significant upregulation of lncRNAs such as NEAT1, LINC00458, and H19 during lineage commitment. Epigenetic profiling demonstrated dynamic changes in histone acetylation (H3K27ac) and DNA methylation at lncRNA promoters, correlating with transcriptional activation. RNA immunoprecipitation assays identified key chromatin modifiers (e.g., EZH2, DNMT1) as binding partners of these lncRNAs. The use of CRISPR editing led to clear differences in the levels of lineage markers, a change which was verified by both flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. Additionally, nerawork revealed that NEAT1 and Lnc-Rewind have high centrality, suggesting they could be major regulators in the network. Analysis of gene ontology revealed that these lncRNAs are associated with neurogenesis, the development of muscle cells in the heart and muscle differentiation. By using 10 well-drawn pictures and 8 comprehensive tables, the authors clearly showed how these molecular ties shaped what a cell became. Combined, these findings underline the main role of lncRNAs in managing stem cell differentiation and suggest new options for addressing disease and regenerative medicine. Thanks to this work, we now better understand how non-coding RNAs function and see more reasons to include lncRNAs in future stem cell treatments.
MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO PROTEIN MISFOLDING IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES USING SINGLE-MOLECULE TECHNIQUES
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are strongly associated with the misfolding and aggregation of key proteins, often driven by oxidative stress. In this study, we employed single-molecule techniques—including fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET), atomic force microscopy, and optical tweezers—to investigate how oxidative stress modulates the folding dynamics of disease-associated proteins including amyloid-β, tau, α-synuclein, TDP-43, and FUS. Experimental conditions simulated increasing oxidative stress through graded hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) exposure. Our results revealed a clear dose-dependent relationship between oxidative stress and both the rate of protein misfolding and extent of aggregation. Quantitative analysis across eight datasets demonstrated that higher ROS levels significantly elevated misfolding rates (up to a 12-fold increase) and aggregation percentages (reaching 70% in high-stress conditions). Single-molecule tracking enabled detection of transient misfolding intermediates otherwise missed by ensemble techniques. Fitting data of ten kinetic sets to thermodynamic models showed that whenever oxygen was removed, proteins kept their native shapes. The findings point to oxidative stress being an important early reason why proteins accumulate dangerously in brain disorders. Moreover, what we do helps prove the importance of single-molecule studies in understanding events that steer cells away from functioning correctly. Thanks to these findings, scientists are designing ways to help manage redox balance and protein folding which could slow or stop age-related decline in the brain.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF PROBIOTICS IN IMPROVING GUT HEALTH AND IMMUNE FUNCTION IN DAIRY COWS
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on gut health, immune function, and milk production in dairy cows. A total of 60 dairy cows were randomly assigned to a treatment group receiving daily probiotics (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) and a control group that did not receive probiotics. Baseline data on microbial composition, immune parameters, and milk yield were collected before the supplementation period. After 60 days of probiotic supplementation, significant changes were observed in the treatment group compared to the control. Microbial analysis revealed a marked increase in beneficial bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and a significant reduction in harmful bacteria, including Escherichia coli. Immune function was notably enhanced in the treatment group, with increased white blood cell counts and improved cytokine profiles. Probiotic treatment enhanced milk production of nursing mothers while simultaneously improving the milk quality by raising fat and protein concentrations. Participants in the therapy group recorded lower frequencies of gastrointestinal problems together with reduced mastitis occurrence. Probiotic supplements enable dairy cows to generate additional milk quantity alongside immune system strengthening effects and enhanced gastrointestinal well-being based on test result data. The research results confirm extensive scientific evidence about using probiotics over prolonged time periods to boost cattle health and agricultural production capabilities. Greater research into dairy cow health treatments must be conducted to determine the best probiotic strains and dosage methods.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN POULTRY: INVESTIGATING ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
Antibiotic resistance in poultry is a critical concern that poses risks to both animal and human health. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of alternative approaches—probiotics, essential oils, and bacteriophage therapy—in controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogens in poultry and improving health outcomes. The research was conducted across three poultry farms, where birds were assigned to one of four treatment groups: probiotics, essential oils, bacteriophage therapy, and a control group with no intervention. Probiotics demonstrated the most significant reduction in antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (30%) and the highest growth performance, with poultry in this group achieving an average weight gain of 1200g. Essential oils, particularly oregano, also showed a notable reduction in gastrointestinal infections, with an infection rate of 12%, and exhibited strong antimicrobial properties against Salmonella and Campylobacter. Bacteriophage therapy was effective in reducing Salmonella load by 50%, but it did not significantly impact growth or immune responses compared to the probiotics and essential oils groups. Immune response markers, including antibody levels and white blood cell counts, were significantly elevated in the probiotics group, highlighting the broader health benefits of this treatment. The results indicate that probiotics and essential oils can effectively mitigate antibiotic resistance and improve poultry health, with probiotics offering a more comprehensive solution. While bacteriophage therapy showed promise in pathogen reduction, further optimization is necessary for it to be a viable alternative. This study supports the need for integrating these alternative treatments into poultry farming practices to reduce antibiotic dependence, enhance animal welfare, and address public health concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance. Further research into their combined use and long-term effects is recommended to ensure sustainable and effective implementation in the poultry industry.
THE GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF MAIZE CROP TO INOCULATION WITH DIVERSE RHIZOBIUM STRAINS
The study investigated the effects of three rhizobial isolates (MR1, MR2 and MR3) on maize (Zea mays L.) growtFh, yield and nutrient uptake under controlled conditions. Among the isolates, MR3 demonstrated the greatest enhancement, achieving the highest plant height (160 cm), grain yield (55 g/pot) and nitrogen uptake (700 mg/pot), followed by MR2 and MR1. Rhizobial inoculation significantly improved plant height, root length, grain yield and nutrient absorption compared to the un-inoculated control. These improvements suggest that rhizobia not only facilitate nitrogen fixation but also contribute to plant growth through root colonization and metabolite production. These findings underscore the potential of rhizobial inoculation as a sustainable approach to enhancing maize productivity and soil fertility.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Arif, Rashid Khan, Ahmed Mukhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYNERGISTIC ROLE OF INORGANIC NITROGEN AND FARMYARD MANURE IN ENHANCING RICE YIELD AND HARVEST EFFICIENCY
The study intended to evaluate the impact of inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) combinations on the grain, straw, biological yield and harvest index of rice (Oryza sativa L.). A pot experiment was conducted at the Research Area of the Arid Zone Research Center, Dera Ismail Khan, during the 2023-2024 growing season. The study comprised five treatments, including control, different inorganic nitrogenous fertilizers and FYM applications. The results shown that the highest grain yield (43.9 g/pot) was attained with 100% fertilizer application, followed meticulously by 75% fertilizer with 2.5 t/ha FYM (41.5 g/pot). Straw and biological yields demonstrated similar trends, with significant increases in treatments receiving higher nitrogen levels. The harvest index was maximum in 100% fertilizer treatment (41.46%) and 75% fertilizer + FYM (40.46%), signifying effective nutrient utilization. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences among treatments. The findings recommend that integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers boosts rice yield and nutrient efficiency while potentially tumbling chemical fertilizer dependency. These results emphasize the significance of balanced fertilization strategies to optimize productivity and soil health under arid conditions.
Copyright (c) 2024 Hafiz Muhammad Bilal, Irfan Ahmad, Muhammad Asad Hameed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SYPHILIS: EMERGING TRANSFUSION TRANSMISSIBLE INFECTION IN PAKISTAN
Blood screening procedures in inadequate areas have increased the recognition of syphilis as Treponema pallidum causes this sexually transmitted infection that spreads through blood transfusions (TTI). This research evaluates blood bank testing protocols and examines both population-wide statistics and infectious causes of syphilis transmission to measure how widespread the disease is among Pakistani blood donors. In the period from January to December 2024 a total of ten blood banks throughout both urban and rural areas of Pakistan conducted a cross-sectional survey. A total of 2,500 volunteer blood donors age 18 through 60 underwent diagnostic testing with TPHA together with RPR for syphilis analysis. Results showed that syphilis infected 1.2% (30 out of 2,500 blood donors) where men and donors aged from 25 to 34 years were more likely to have the disease (80% and 60% respectively). The rate of blood donors diagnosed with syphilis showed no meaningful variation between hospitals in urban areas (1.0%) and hospitals in rural areas (1.3%) based on statistical analysis with p=0.53. Regular RPR screening alone performed by blood banks detected 1.0% of cases but screening with the combination of RPR and TPHA identified 5.0% of instances. The diagnostic tests demonstrated RPR testing results in 90% sensitivity alongside 95% specificity and FTA-ABS testing showed 95% sensitivity together with 98% specificity. The blood screening system in Pakistan displays significant failures in rural areas because these locations maintain outdated equipment and lack proper resources to detect cases. The authors recommend a double diagnostic approach by combining TPHA with RPR tests nationwide to strengthen syphilis detection during transfusions in low-resource settings. Public health campaigns must prioritize two essential objectives of improving blood donor awareness about TTIs in addition to enforcing adherence to WHO blood safety standards. The prevention of transfusion-transmitted syphilis throughout Pakistan depends on better blood testing procedures as well as strengthened medical care infrastructure.
BIOINFORMATICS AND GENOMICS IN RARE DISEASE DIAGNOSIS: LEVERAGING AI AND NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING FOR IDENTIFYING NOVEL GENETIC DISORDERS
These rare genetic diseases are considered complex regarding their origin by exhibiting several phenotypes that signify their being real challenges. Conventional diagnostic approaches which include clinical assessment and karyotyping fail quite often because rare phenotypes are associated with phenotypic overlap and limits of conventional testing. New developments within next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics tools will allow us to significantly improve the uncovering of genetic bases for these RGDs, thus enabling increasingly comprehensive and accurate diagnoses. Artificial intelligence is enabled through data-mining particularly in the selective automated development of machine learning (ML) models in order to revolutionize how people investigate the genomic data in future. Such artificial intelligence processes, including deep learning (DL), random forests (RF) and support vector machines (SVM), are integrated into the triad of identifying genetic variants, prioritizing mutations, and prediction of disease outcomes. Thus, this analysis aids the discovery of these novel mutations through NGS-based means, linking them to specific phenotypes of diseases and thus providing personalized diagnostics of rare diseases. The usage of this technology in RGD diagnosis has been discussed in this review, emphasizing its applications in diseases such as Congenital disorders of glycosylation, a group of metabolic disorders. The review also mentions that while significant progress has been made in terms of clinical successes, there are still challenges such as the quality of the data, ethical concerns pertaining to the usage of the models, and transparency in the models themselves. Thus, this paper advocates for the need for multi-omics data integration and better interpretability of AI models, as well as interdisciplinary approaches.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Danial Ahmad Qureshi, Wajeeha Ahmed, Sajjad Mehdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COGNITIVE AND NEURAL PLASTICITY IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: INVESTIGATING NEUROGENESIS, FUNCTIONAL RECOVERY, AND THE ROLE OF REHABILITATION
The global health issue of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one that demands immediate attention as it pertains to the suffering mortals face and the long-term impacts it has on their life. The processes of recovery after TBI are dependent on two fundamental features: Neurogenesis and neural plasticity. This paper addresses the processes of neurogenesis, the influences of inflammation on it, and important recovery promoting therapies that could be implemented post TBI. We analyze the effects of TBI on neurogenesis in adult populations, especially on the regions of the hippocampus, as well as the effects of Notch, Wnt, and BDNF signaling pathways on neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. We will consider the significance of inflammation’s dual role on recovery from TBI, that is, inflammation’s pro and anti-cytokines and how it achieves a balance for optimum recovery. Rehabilitation therapies even pharmacological ones together with neuromodulation interventions that leverage activity dependent plasticity for better cognitive performance will be discussed. The interrelation of neurogenesis, inflammation, and rehabilitation is discussed in depth to explain the challenges faced in constructing effective therapeutic modalities aimed at modifying neurobehavioural dysfunctions. The paper wraps up by stressing the problems regarding the functional incorporation of novel neurons and the necessity for individualized therapeutic approaches as a result of the heterogeneity in neurogenic response. This balance reflects the possible hope of therapies founded on neurogenic principles and the need for further work to be done in order to make preclinical knowledge useful in clinical practice.
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BRAIN TUMORIGENESIS: UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF GENETIC MUTATIONS AND TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT IN GLIOBLASTOMA AND OTHER BRAIN CANCERS
Brain tumors account, chiefly, for glioblastoma or GBM which are aggressive tumors that offer limited treatment options. The causative factors occur in highly complicated biological mechanisms like genetic mutations and changes occurring in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The discussion here revolves around the most controversial genetic drivers, including TP53, EGFR, IDH1/2, and PTEN mutations, as well as epigenetic modifications contributing to tumor development. The input will also extend into TME, including immune cells, components of extracellular matrices, and metabolic factors, which define progressive tumor development and therapy resistance. Also, emerging therapeutic approaches that target these pathways have all been addressed, thus providing some insights into promising advances to precision medicine for brain cancer treatment. Grasping the molecular mechanisms underscoring brain tumorigenesis is critical for devising efficacious therapeutic interventions. In addition to genetic mutations, which include TP53, EGFR, IDH1/2, and PTEN, the interaction of these mutations with their respective tumor microenvironments is critical for glioblastoma progression. Indeed, recent developments in targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and precision medicine hold great potential to improve patient outcomes. Still, the translation of such research into practice will need to address challenges such as resistance to therapy and blood-brain barrier limitations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Humayun Ali, Jawad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE HUMAN MICROBIOME AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DRUG METABOLISM: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRECISION MEDICINE AND PERSONALIZED PHARMACOTHERAPY
The human microbiome is crucial in drug metabolism and, hence, the efficacy and toxicity of drug treatment. Over the past few years, pharmacomicrobiomics has provided insight into how gut microbiota influence drug absorption, metabolism, and elimination, giving rise to inter-individual variability in responses to therapy. Knowledge of the complex interplay between microbial communities and drug metabolism brings forth novel vistas for precision medicine and personalized pharmacotherapy. The review will discuss the mechanisms by which the microbiota influence drug metabolism, list recent innovations in the area, and present some challenges to the integration of microbiome-based strategies into clinical practice. The human microbiome constitutes a vital yet understudied factor for drug metabolism and personalized pharmacotherapy. With the evolution of pharmacomicrobiomics and the integration of microbiome data into clinical decision-making, a paradigm shift for precision medicine may be at hand. However, consideration will have to be given to the challenges of variability among individuals, standardization, and regulatory frameworks to ensure that these microbiome-based insights can be translated into a readily applicable therapeutic setting. Research data demonstrates how the gut microbiome functions as a key determinant of drug metabolism so precision medicine needs microbiome analysis. Research studies need to investigate how microbiome changes over time affect individuals undergoing ongoing drug treatment. The translation of these findings to individualized medicine requires verification with different demographic groups.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saad Abdullah, Uzair Nisar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL THERAPEUTICS IN MANAGING ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY ON PATIENT ENGAGEMENT AND SYMPTOM REDUCTION
Globally, anxiety and depression pose serious challenges to patients and medical professionals. Traditional mental health therapies do not resolve basic problems related to patient care access and participation plus high treatment expenses. Mobile apps that deliver cognitive behavioral therapy help solve important problems people face when trying to access mental health services. A research team randomly placed 200 individuals with MDD and GAD into an in-person or mobile CBT group for the evaluation. We measured how patients responded to therapy through GAD-7 and PHQ-9 results at treatment start, the halfway point, and after ending therapy with focus on symptom changes and treatment following. The data showed decreased anxiety and depression in the participants but patients who received digital CBT experienced more substantial improvement in patient engagement alongside their condition. Digital therapy solutions prove effective and more affordable than regular treatments due to their success rate with disadvantaged groups despite participant engagement challenges. This research proves that digital cognitive behavioral therapy can treat anxiety and depression at lower costs while offering better patient care.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wesam Taher Almagharbeh, Hassan Yar Mahsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0