ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN POULTRY: INVESTIGATING ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance in poultry is a critical concern that poses risks to both animal and human health. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of alternative approaches—probiotics, essential oils, and bacteriophage therapy—in controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogens in poultry and improving health outcomes. The research was conducted across three poultry farms, where birds were assigned to one of four treatment groups: probiotics, essential oils, bacteriophage therapy, and a control group with no intervention. Probiotics demonstrated the most significant reduction in antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (30%) and the highest growth performance, with poultry in this group achieving an average weight gain of 1200g. Essential oils, particularly oregano, also showed a notable reduction in gastrointestinal infections, with an infection rate of 12%, and exhibited strong antimicrobial properties against Salmonella and Campylobacter. Bacteriophage therapy was effective in reducing Salmonella load by 50%, but it did not significantly impact growth or immune responses compared to the probiotics and essential oils groups. Immune response markers, including antibody levels and white blood cell counts, were significantly elevated in the probiotics group, highlighting the broader health benefits of this treatment. The results indicate that probiotics and essential oils can effectively mitigate antibiotic resistance and improve poultry health, with probiotics offering a more comprehensive solution. While bacteriophage therapy showed promise in pathogen reduction, further optimization is necessary for it to be a viable alternative. This study supports the need for integrating these alternative treatments into poultry farming practices to reduce antibiotic dependence, enhance animal welfare, and address public health concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance. Further research into their combined use and long-term effects is recommended to ensure sustainable and effective implementation in the poultry industry.